Scholars who study consumer protection and environmental governance have described transparency as a coevolutionary race, where multiple actors compete to accomplish their goals by advancing science, preventing it, and evading ever-novel barriers to transparency. In this model, successful governance arises from an equilibrium in these knowledge-generating efforts.

J.N. Matias, & M. Price, How public involvement can improve the science of AI, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 122 (48) e2421111122, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2421111122 (2025).