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3D-printed concrete building undergoes real-life earthquake test to assess structural integrity

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Open-access content Tanya Weaver

Tue 17 Jun 2025

A large shaking table that mimics earthquake events has allowed researchers at the University of Bristol to evaluate the structural integrity of 3D-printed concrete structures.

Concrete 3D-printing is gaining momentum worldwide. From constructing railway stations to 30-metre-tall buildings, it is seen as a rapid, resilient, affordable and sustainable building technique.

Structures are built layer-by-layer using a large-scale 3D-printer that extrudes a concrete mixture through a nozzle.

While traditional concrete design has well-established seismic behaviour, 3D-printed concrete introduces new variables such as layered deposition, unique material properties and non-traditional geometries. 

The Bristol team wanted to assess how these factors influence the structural integrity of this construction method under earthquake loading. 

Project leads Professor Anastasios Sextos and Dr Raffaele De Risi said: “This experiment aims to fill the knowledge gap surrounding the dynamic response of 3D-printed units, particularly how they perform under recorded and simulated seismic events.”

To conduct the experiment, the team built a quasi-real-scale 3D-printed concrete unit using a robotic additive manufacturing process. It was then fitted with various accelerometers, sensors and other gauges. 

The building was placed on a shaking table capable of holding 50 tonnes, where it was subjected to a series of ground motions representative of the various stages of real earthquake events.

This enabled real-time assessment of the 3D-printed unit’s structural resilience. The researchers recorded issues such as cracking, displacement and potential failure points.

This data will help evaluate the structural resilience of the 3D-printed unit, compare performance to traditional construction methods and validate computational models that predict seismic behaviour.

De Risi said: “Ultimately, we hope to validate whether 3D-printed concrete can meet current safety standards for seismic applications and provide a foundation for developing building codes that include additive manufacturing technologies.”

Such information could help assist engineers, architects and policymakers who are involved in future earthquake-resistant constructions.

De Risi said: “By testing the seismic resilience of 3D-printed concrete for the first time, we're not just exploring the future of construction – we're helping shape a safer, smarter and more adaptive built environment.”

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