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Autonomous seaplane to monitor seafloor for early earthquake warnings

2 months ago 12

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Open-access content Jack Loughran

Wed 23 Jul 2025

An unmanned seaplane designed to detect imminent earthquakes has been developed by University of Tokyo researchers.

Megathrust earthquakes occur on faults found along the boundaries between tectonic plates. The Nankai Trough is a megathrust earthquake zone lying off the south-west coast of Japan, and experts estimate that this zone could generate a potentially devastating large earthquake (magnitude 8 or 9) within 30 years. 

Added to the direct catastrophic impact of such a powerful quake, a seismic event of this magnitude could trigger cascading hazards such as destructive tsunamis.

Traditionally, seafloor measurements have been obtained using transponder stations located on the seafloor that communicate with satellites via buoys or ocean-going vessels to produce accurate positional information. However, data collection using such systems has problems such as low efficiency and speed.

The Tokyo researchers say their autonomous seaplane could aid in the collection of reliable, high-precision, real-time seafloor measurements while withstanding ocean currents and wind. This vehicle is intended for use with the Global Navigation Satellite System–Acoustic (GNSS-A), which uses satellites to determine locations on Earth, to provide a communication link with seafloor transponder stations.

“We conducted initial experiments in a water tank,” said lead author Yuto Yoshizumi, “and found that the proposed system can detect distances to an accuracy within 2.1cm.”

To further evaluate the system, at-sea trial tests were performed by landing the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) on the sea surface off the coast of Japan under optimal sea conditions.

“The results were hugely encouraging,” said senior author Yusuke Yokota. “These seafloor positioning measurements are the first ever achieved using a UAV, and we attained a horizontal root mean square error of approximately 1–2cm, which is easily comparable to that of existing vessel-based systems.”

The researchers hope that the UAV could help to provide the foundation for advanced research into earthquake disaster prevention, particularly given ongoing concerns about the Nankai Trough.

In March, another team was able to detect earthquakes in the Pacific Ocean using a subsea telecommunications cable that had been kitted out with an array of sensors.

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